Edilgen Yapı ve Ettirgen

Kural: be + V3

Etken cümlede kim yaptı öne çıkar; edilgen cümlede ne oldu.

	Cümle
Etken	The police arrested the man.
Edilgen	The man was arrested (by the police).

Dönüşüm üç adımda olur:

Etken cümlenin nesnesi özne olur
Fiil be + V3 biçimine geçer — benin zamanı etken fiilin zamanıdır
Eski özne gerekirse by ile sona eklenir (çoğu zaman hiç yazılmaz)

Tüm zamanlarda edilgen

be fiili zamanı taşır, V3 sabit kalır.

Zaman	Etken	Edilgen
Present Simple	He writes it.	It is written.
Present Continuous	He is writing it.	It is being written.
Present Perfect	He has written it.	It has been written.
Past Simple	He wrote it.	It was written.
Past Continuous	He was writing it.	It was being written.
Past Perfect	He had written it.	It had been written.
Future (will)	He will write it.	It will be written.
Future (going to)	He is going to write it.	It is going to be written.
Future Perfect	He will have written it.	It will have been written.
Modal	He must write it.	It must be written.
Geçmiş modal	He should have written it.	It should have been written.
Infinitive	to write	to be written
Gerund	writing	being written

Edilgen yapılamayan fiiller

Edilgen için nesne gerekir. Nesnesi olmayan (geçişsiz) fiiller edilgen olamaz.

Fiil grubu	Örnekler
Hareket ve varlık	happen, occur, arrive, come, go, appear, disappear, die, live, sleep, fall
Durum fiilleri	seem, look, belong, consist, exist, remain, resemble
Sahiplik	have (sahip olmak), lack, suit, fit

[Yanlış] ~~An accident was happened.~~ → [Doğru] An accident happened.
[Yanlış] ~~The book is belonged to me.~~ → [Doğru] The book belongs to me.
[Yanlış] ~~He was died last year.~~ → [Doğru] He died last year.

İki nesneli fiiller: iki ayrı edilgen

give, send, offer, tell, show, teach, lend, pay, promise gibi fiiller iki nesne alır — dolayısıyla iki edilgen kurulabilir.

Etken: They gave me a prize.
Edilgen 1: I was given a prize. — kişi öne çıkar (daha yaygın)
Edilgen 2: A prize was given to me. — nesne öne çıkar

İkinci biçimde kişi to alır. İngilizce genelde kişiyi özne yapmayı tercih eder.

by ne zaman yazılır?

by + fail çoğu zaman hiç yazılmaz. Yalnızca fail bilgi taşıyorsa eklenir.

Durum	Örnek
Fail önemli → yaz	Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
Fail bilinmiyor → yazma	My bike was stolen.
Fail genel/belirsiz → yazma	English is spoken* here.*
Fail bağlamdan belli → yazma	He was arrested* yesterday.*

Araç için by değil with kullanılır: It was cut with a knife. — kesen kişi by, kullanılan alet with.

get-passive

Konuşma dilinde be yerine get gelebilir. Genelde olumsuz ya da beklenmedik olaylarda ve değişim anlatırken kullanılır.

be	get
He was hurt.	He got hurt.
They were married in 2019.	They got married in 2019.
The window was broken.	The window got broken.

get durağan durumlarla kullanılmaz: [Yanlış] ~~This book is get known.~~
Kalıplaşmış örnekler: get dressed · get lost · get paid · get caught · get used to

Ettirgen yapı: have / get something done

Bir işi başkasına yaptırdığında kullanılır. Türkçedeki “-tır / -dır” ettirgen ekinin karşılığı.

have / get + nesne + V3

Cümle	Anlamı
I cut my hair.	Kendim kestim.
I had my hair cut.	Kestirdim (kuaförde).
I got my car repaired.	Arabamı tamir ettirdim.
She is having a house built.	Ev yaptırıyor.
I need to have my eyes tested.	Göz muayenesi yaptırmam lazım.

Ettirgenin ikinci anlamı: istenmeyen bir şeyin sana olması.

He had his wallet stolen. — Cüzdanı çalındı.
She had her house broken into. — Evi soyuldu.

Kim yaptığını söylemek istersen have + kişi + V1 (yalın fiil) kullanılır:

I had the mechanic check the car. — Tamirciye kontrol ettirdim.
I got my brother to help me. — get ile to gelir.

make · let · help edilgeni

Etken	Edilgen
They made him sign it.	He was made to sign it.
They let him go.	He was allowed to go. (let edilgeni yok)
She helped me carry it.	I was helped to carry it.

make etkende yalın fiil alır ama edilgende to kazanır — sınavlarda sorulan bir ayrıntı.
let fiilinin edilgeni yoktur; yerini be allowed to alır.

It is said that… kalıpları

Akademik yazının ve YDS okuma parçalarının en sık yapılarından biri. Kaynağı belirsiz bilgiyi aktarmak için kullanılır.

Bu fiiller: say, believe, think, know, report, claim, expect, consider, estimate, allege, suppose

İki eşdeğer biçim var:

Biçim	Örnek
It + edilgen + that	It is said that he is very rich.
Özne + edilgen + to	He is said to be very rich.

Geçmişe bakıyorsa to have + V3 gelir:

Zaman ilişkisi	Örnek
Aynı zaman	He is said to be ill. (= It is said that he is ill.)
Daha önce	He is said to have been ill. (= It is said that he was ill.)
Geçmişte söylenmiş	He was said to be ill.

Edilgende dikkat edilecek beş nokta

Nokta	Örnek
V3’ü V2 ile karıştırma	[Doğru] It was written. — [Yanlış] ~~It was wrote~~
be’yi unutma	[Doğru] It was built in 1920. — [Yanlış] ~~It built in 1920~~
Edat düşmez	[Doğru] He was looked after well. — `after` kalır
Edat fiilleri edilgen olur	The meeting was put off. · She is well thought of.
born daima edilgen	[Doğru] I was born in 1998. — [Yanlış] ~~I born~~

📋 Özet kart

Konu	Kural
Formül	be + V3 — `be` zamanı taşır
Dönüşüm	Nesne → özne · fiil → be+V3 · özne → by
Continuous	is/was being + V3
Perfect	has/had been + V3
Modal	must be + V3 · should have been + V3
Edilgen olmayanlar	happen, occur, arrive, die, seem, belong, consist
İki nesne	Kişi öne çıkar: I was given a prize.
by ↔ with	Fail by, alet with
get-passive	Beklenmedik/olumsuz olay: got hurt, got married
Ettirgen	have/get + NESNE + V3 — sıra kritik
make edilgeni	be made to + V1
let edilgeni	Yok → be allowed to
It is said that…	= Özne + is said to be / to have been
born	Daima was/were born

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